Ø
THEORIES OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Adjective clauses can be reduced to adjective phrases
under certain grammatical conditions. In the examples below, you will see
a noun modified by an adjective clause and then an example of the same noun
modified by the shorter adjective phrase. The red dots indicate that the
main clause is incomplete as you are focusing only on clause-to-phrase
reduction in these examples. For such reductions to occur, the
relative pronoun must be a subject pronoun in all cases.
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Grammatical Condition
|
Clause
|
Phrase
|
|
Verb in
adjective clause is an active verb
|
People who
live in large cities...
|
people living
in large cities...
|
|
Verb in
adjective clause is progressive
|
Students who
are studying at urban campuses...
|
Students studying
at urban campuses...
|
|
Verb in
adjective clause is passive
|
Children who
are born with congenital heart disease...
|
Children born
with congenital heart disease... (the preferred style)
|
|
Adj.
clause has the verb be + adjective + infinitive complement
|
Children who
are most likely to recover from serious illness...
|
Children most
likely to recover from serious illness...
|
|
Adj.
clause has another name for the modified noun (an appositive)
|
Dr.
Francisco Ramirez, who is chief pediatric surgeon at Children's
Hospital,...
|
Dr.
Francisco Ramirez, chief pediatric surgeon at Children's Hospital,...
the appositive phrase is preferred style and is non-restrictive.
|
relative pronoun use
who subject or object pronoun for people which subject or object pronoun for
animals and things which referring to a whole sentence whose possession for
people animals and things whom object pronoun for people, especially in
non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer
who) that subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining
relative clauses (who or which are also possible)
|
relative pronoun
|
use
|
|
who
|
subject or
object pronoun for people
|
|
which
|
subject or
object pronoun for animals and things
|
|
which
|
referring
to a whole sentence
|
|
whose
|
possession
for people animals and things
|
|
whom
|
object
pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining
relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)
|
|
that
|
subject or
object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses
(who or which are also possible)
|
Ø EXAMPLES OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
·
Students who
are intelligent understand adjectives.
(The adjective clause is underlined.
It is an "adjective" clause because it describes the noun
"students.")
·
I love
sentences which extol the virtues of English teachers.
(The adjective clause is underlined.
It modifies the object "sentences.")
·
Students whom
I admire want to become English teachers.
(The adjective clause is underlined
and modifies the subject "students.")
·
My English
teacher, who wears old fashioned ties, is laughed at by the students.
(The adjective clause is underlined.
It doesn’t identify the English teacher; it just provides a gossipy sort of
detail about him. Set these off with commas.)
·
My English
book, which is a monument of boredom, is used mainly as a door stop.
(The adjective clause is underlined.
It doesn’t identify the English book, it justprovides a gossipy, editorial
comment about it. Set this clause off with a comma.)
Ø ARTICLE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
The Symptoms and Causes of Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer that occurs in the thin tissue that lines most of the internal organs (mesothelium). The doctor divides mesothelioma into several types based on which part of this cancer occurs.
- Pleural malignant mesothelioma, which occurs in the tissue lining around the lungs and is the most common type.
- Peritoneal mesothelioma, occurring in tissues that line the stomach.
- Pericardial mesothelioma, occurring in the tissue lining around the heart.
- Mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis, occurs in the lining around the testicles
The
symptoms of Mesothelioma
Signs and the symptoms of mesothelioma varies based on where the cancer occurs.
Pleural mesothelioma, signs and symptoms include:
• Shortness of breath
• Pain when breathing
• Pain when coughing
• Pain in the lower rib
• an unusual lump in the chest under the skin layer
• Lost weight suddenly
• Dry cough
Peritoneal mesothelioma, signs and symptoms include:
• Pain in abdomen
• Swelling in the abdomen
• Changes in bowel movements, such as more frequent diarrhea or constipation
• Lump in the tissues in the abdominal area
• Lost weight suddenly
Other forms of mesothelioma
Signs and the symptoms pericardial mesothelioma and tunica vaginalis are unclear. On health , there is no complete information about this. Pericardial mesothelioma have signs and symptoms that may include difficulty breathing or chest pain. While mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis can be detected first by the enlargement of the testicles.
The Causes of Mesothelioma
In general, cancer occurs when cell DNA mutation. This mutation makes the cells continued to grow and flourish while others have normal cell cycles of life and death. Accumulation of cancer cells can form a malignant tumor.
It is unclear what causes the initial genetic mutations that lead to mesothelioma although scientists identify factors that may increase the risk. Cancer may result from a combination of several factors, such as heredity, environment, health condition and lifestyle.
Benign pleural mesothelioma
Benign tumors that form in the chest sometimes called benign mesothelioma. But the term is misleading. Benign mesothelioma is not started on the same cell where the cancer is formed. And in some cases kacil, benign mesothelioma can be very aggressive. For this reason, some doctors now prefer to call this tumor as a solitary fibrous tumor.
Solitary fibrous tumors usually do not cause signs and the symptoms. It is unclear what caused the solitary fibrous tumor, but tumors are associated with asbestos contamination pollutants. Treatment for solitary fibrous tumors usually includes surgery procedures.
Signs and the symptoms of mesothelioma varies based on where the cancer occurs.
Pleural mesothelioma, signs and symptoms include:
• Shortness of breath
• Pain when breathing
• Pain when coughing
• Pain in the lower rib
• an unusual lump in the chest under the skin layer
• Lost weight suddenly
• Dry cough
Peritoneal mesothelioma, signs and symptoms include:
• Pain in abdomen
• Swelling in the abdomen
• Changes in bowel movements, such as more frequent diarrhea or constipation
• Lump in the tissues in the abdominal area
• Lost weight suddenly
Other forms of mesothelioma
Signs and the symptoms pericardial mesothelioma and tunica vaginalis are unclear. On health , there is no complete information about this. Pericardial mesothelioma have signs and symptoms that may include difficulty breathing or chest pain. While mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis can be detected first by the enlargement of the testicles.
The Causes of Mesothelioma
In general, cancer occurs when cell DNA mutation. This mutation makes the cells continued to grow and flourish while others have normal cell cycles of life and death. Accumulation of cancer cells can form a malignant tumor.
It is unclear what causes the initial genetic mutations that lead to mesothelioma although scientists identify factors that may increase the risk. Cancer may result from a combination of several factors, such as heredity, environment, health condition and lifestyle.
Benign pleural mesothelioma
Benign tumors that form in the chest sometimes called benign mesothelioma. But the term is misleading. Benign mesothelioma is not started on the same cell where the cancer is formed. And in some cases kacil, benign mesothelioma can be very aggressive. For this reason, some doctors now prefer to call this tumor as a solitary fibrous tumor.
Solitary fibrous tumors usually do not cause signs and the symptoms. It is unclear what caused the solitary fibrous tumor, but tumors are associated with asbestos contamination pollutants. Treatment for solitary fibrous tumors usually includes surgery procedures.
Ø DO THESE EXERCISE
·
I talked to
the woman, she was sitting next to me.(who)
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I have a
class, it begins at 8.00 AM.(which)
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The man
called the police. His car was stolen.(whose)
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The building
is very old. He lives there.(where)
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The woman
was Mrs Silvy. I saw her.(whom)
answer :
·
I talked to
the woman who was sitting next to me.
·
I have a
class which begins at 8.00 AM.
·
The man
whose car was stolen called the police
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The building
where he lives is very old.
·
The woman
whom i saw was Mrs Silvy.
Sumber:
artikel-bahasainggris.blogspot.com/2011/08/symptoms-and-causes-of-mesothelioma.html
